Micromechanics of wastewater sludge floc: force-deformation relationship at cyclic freezing and thawing.

This study examined shape changes in two typical wastewater flocs subjected to cyclic freezing and thawing and the associated force exerted by the ice front. While freezing, the engulfing ice front gradually pulled the floc apart. Subsequent thawing only partially restored the floc's shape. By the Maxwell model, used to interpret gross shape deformations, both flocs were visco-elastic objects exhibiting time-varying rheological characteristics which were more viscous than elastic. Detailed observations of floc 1 deformation demonstrated a two-stage force-displacement relationship. Following 1 cycle of freezing and thawing, the interior structure of the floc deteriorated and the force required to elongating a unit length of floc decreased by 60%. The original floc 2 had a dense "core" and loose "tail"; the core was more resistant to deformation under normal stress than the loose tail. Although both flocs had similar shapes and sizes and were acquired from the same activated sludge stream at a wastewater treatment plant, their rheological behaviors differed substantially. A comprehensive theoretical model for freezing and thawing processes should incorporate these rheological characteristics as they corresponded to observed structural changes and reduction in bound water content in sludge following a cyclic treatment of freezing and thawing.